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The following substances, all widely i*****l unless stated otherwise, are here listed by order of world-wide popularity:[14] The Drinkers by Jean Béraud, c. 1908 alcohol – Most drinking alcohol is ethanol, CH 3CH 2OH, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts to create wine, beer, and distilled liquor. In most areas of the world it is legal for those over a certain age (typically 18–21). It is an IARC 'Group 1' carcinogen and a teratogen.[15] tobacco – Nicotiana tabacum. A legal d**g contained in tobacco leaves, which are either smoked, chewed or snuffed. It contains nicotine, which crosses the blood–brain barrier in 10–20 seconds. It mimics the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain and the neuromuscular junction. The neuronal forms of the receptor are present both post-synaptically (involved in classical neurotransmission) and pre-synaptically, where they can influence the release of multiple neurotransmitters.[16] cannabis – Its common forms include marijuana and hashish, which are smoked or eaten. It contains at least 85 cannabinoids. The primary psychoactive component is THC, which mimics the neurotransmitter anandamide, named after the Hindu ananda, "joy, bliss, delight." The review article Campbell & Gowran (2007) states that "manipulation of the cannabinoid system offers the potential to upregulate neuroprotective mechanisms while dampening neuroinflammation. Whether these properties will be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the future is an exciting topic that undoubtedly warrants further investigation." caffeine - A legal d**g, often from coffee, tea, energy drinks, some soft drinks and chocolate. MDMA - Commonly known as "Ecstasy", it is a common club d**g in the rave scene. cocaine – It is available as a powder, which is insufflated or injected. A popular derivative, crack cocaine is typically smoked. When transformed into its freebase form, crack, the cocaine vapour may be inhaled directly. This is thought to increase bioavailability, but has also been found to be toxic, due to the production of methylecgonidine during pyrolysis.[17][18][19] amphetamines – Prescribed for ADHD, narcolepsy, depression and weight loss. A potent central nervous system stimulant, in the 1940s and 50s methamphetamine was used by Axis and Allied troops in World War II, and, later on, other armies, and by Japanese factory workers. It increases muscle strength and fatigue resistance and improves reaction time.[20] Unlike amphetamine, methamphetamine is neurotoxic, damaging dopamine neurons.[21] As a result of this brain damage, chronic use can lead to post acute withdrawal syndrome.[22] psilocybin mushrooms – Until 1963, when it was chemically analysed by Albert Hofmann, it was completely unknown to modern science that psilocybe semilanceata ('Liberty Cap', common throughout Europe) contains psilocybin, a hallucinogen previously identified only in species native to Mexico, Asia and North America.[23] LSD – A popular ergoline derivative, that was first synthesized in 1938 by Hofmann. However, he failed to notice its psychedelic potential until 1943.[24] In the 1950s, it was used in psychological therapy, and, covertly, by the CIA in Project MKULTRA, in which the d**g was administered to unwitting US and Canadian citizens. It played a central role in 1960s 'counter-culture', and was banned in October 1968 by US President Lyndon B Johnson.[25][26] opiates and opioids – Available by prescription. tranquilizers – barbiturates, benzodiazepines (commonly prescribed for anxiety; known to cause dementia and post acute withdrawal syndrome) nitrous oxide - legally used by dentists as an antianxiolytic and anaesthetic, it is also used recreationally by users who obtain it from whipped cream canisters (see Inhalant). ketamine – used by paramedics in emergency situations for its dissociative and analgesic qualities and i*****lly in the club d**g scene 'mystery white powders' – (street d**g labelling and composition can be unclear) amyl nitrite – a vasodilator (legal)[14] Other well known substances: Synthetic cannabis - Spice, K2, JWH-018, AM-2201 Bath salts - Mephedrone/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) Peyote - Contains mescaline, native to southwestern Texas and Mexico DMT – primary ingredient in ayahuasca, can also be smoked in a crack pipe; briefly (c. 30 minutes) causes a "total loss of connection to external reality"[27] research chemicals – 2C variants, etc. salvia divinorum – hallucinogenic Mexican herb in the mint family; not considered recreational, most likely due to the nature of the hallucinations (legal) Routes of administration[edit] This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) d**gs most often associated with a particular route of administration: intravenous injection (see also the article d**g injection) – morphine and heroin, less commonly other opioids or stimulants like cocaine or amphetamine, but almost every substance (with some exceptions) can be injected smoking (see also the section below) – tobacco, cannabis, opium, methamphetamine, crack cocaine and heroin (diamorphine as freebase) known as chasing the dragon insufflation – snuff (a form of smokeless tobacco), amphetamine and cocaine inhalation – all inhalants (listed above), as the name suggests chewing, absorbing sublingually, placing under the lip, etc. – some forms of smokeless tobacco (e.g. dipping tobacco, snus), LSD blotters, coca leaves with slaked lime, paan (see betel), some hallucinogens intrarectal - administering into the rectum, most water-soluble d**gs can be used this way transdermal patches with prescription d**gs – e.g. methylphenidate (Daytrana) and fentanyl oral intake – caffeine, ethanol, hash cakes (cannabis), nutmeg, datura, psilocybin mushrooms, coca tea, poppy tea, laudanum, GHB, ecstasy pills with MDMA and/or various other substances (mainly stimulants and psychedelics), prescription and over-the-counter d**gs (ADHD and narcolepsy medications, sleeping pills, anxiolytics, sedatives, cough suppressants, benzydamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, morphine, codeine, opioids and others) Many d**gs are taken through various routes. Intravenous route is the most efficient, but also one of the most dangerous. Nasal, rectal, inhalation and smoking are safer. Oral route is one of the safest and most comfortable, but of little bioavailability. d**gs which can be smoked[edit]
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